Learnitweb

Author: Editorial Team

  • Fair vs Non-Fair Locks in Java

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    1. What is a Lock? A lock is a synchronization mechanism that allows only one thread at a time to access a critical section (shared resource or code block). Java provides various lock implementations in the java.util.concurrent.locks package, especially the ReentrantLock class, which supports fair and non-fair locking policies. 2. Fair Lock 2.1 What is…

  • Synchronized Block vs Synchronized Method

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    In multithreaded programming, multiple threads may try to read and modify shared data at the same time, leading to data corruption, inconsistent results, or unexpected behavior. To solve this, Java provides a built-in mechanism called synchronization to control access to critical sections of code. Java offers two primary ways to synchronize code: Both are used…

  • Symmetric Keys in mTLS

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    Mutual TLS (mTLS) uses both asymmetric encryption (public/private keys) and symmetric encryption (session keys) to provide strong authentication and secure communication. While certificates prove identity, symmetric keys are used for fast, secure data transfer. 1. What is a Symmetric Key? Key Characteristics: Analogy:Think of a locked box: the sender locks it with a single key,…

  • Parallel Streams vs. ForkJoinPool

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    Parallel Streams in Java are a high-level API for processing collections in parallel, while the ForkJoinPool is the low-level framework that powers this parallelism under the hood. The key difference is that a parallel stream is a convenient abstraction that leverages the ForkJoinPool for you, whereas the ForkJoinPool is a direct, manual-control framework you use…

  • Comparison of newCachedThreadPool() vs newFixedThreadPool()

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    1. What is a Thread Pool? A thread pool is a group of pre-instantiated reusable threads that are maintained to execute tasks. Instead of launching a new thread every time a task arrives (which is costly in terms of time and system resources), tasks are submitted to a queue, and threads from the pool handle…

  • How mTLS (Mutual TLS) Works

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    1. What is mTLS? Mutual TLS (mTLS) is an extension of standard TLS (Transport Layer Security) where: This ensures: 2. mTLS Communication Flow (Step-by-Step) Below is a textual sequence diagram of the flow: 3. Detailed Explanation of Each Step 3.1 Client Hello 3.2 Server Hello 3.3 Server Certificate 3.4 Certificate Request (mTLS-specific) 3.5 Client Certificate…

  • Implementing Mutual TLS (mTLS) in a Spring Boot Application

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    Mutual TLS (mTLS) is an extension of TLS where both the client and the server authenticate each other using certificates. This is often used in internal APIs, microservices, or when you want high assurance that only trusted clients can connect to your server. Step 1: Generate Server and Client Certificates 1.1 Create a Root Certificate…

  • Controlling Kafka Producers and Consumers

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    In Apache Kafka, you can fine-tune how producers and consumers interact with topics and partitions. This tutorial explains how to: Part 1: Controlling Kafka Producers By default, Kafka decides which partition to send a message to. However, Kafka allows you to override this behavior using the following techniques: Option 1.1: Use a Message Key (Default…

  • Why use Virtual Threads?

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    Use virtual threads in high-throughput concurrent applications, especially those that consist of a great number of concurrent tasks that spend much of their time waiting. Server applications are examples of high-throughput applications because they typically handle many client requests that perform blocking I/O operations such as fetching resources. Virtual threads are not faster threads; they…

  • HTTP Response Status Codes

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    1. Introduction Every time a client (browser, mobile app, API consumer) sends a request to a server, the server responds with an HTTP status code that informs the client of the outcome. These codes are three-digit numbers grouped into 5 major categories. 2. 1xx: Informational Responses These codes indicate that the request has been received…